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How to enumerate memory used and reserved by kernel and drivers

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I am running two VMs (Ubuntu 18.04), both with 0.5 GiB of memory. One is on AWS and one is on Azure. I found that despite both systems having 512 MiB of memory, the AWS system has 479 MiB of usable memory:

~$ free --mebi

              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available

Mem:            479         131          17           1         330         334

Swap:             0           0           0

and the Azure system only has 392 MiB:

~$ free --mebi

              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available

Mem:            392         289          28           2          74          89

Swap:             0           0           0

The biggest difference I can see between these two systems is that the Azure system reserves far more memory at boot:

AWS:

~$ dmesg | grep "Memory"

[    0.000000] Memory: 467376K/523892K available (12300K kernel code, 2394K rwdata, 3924K rodata, 2376K init, 2376K bss, 56516K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)

Azure:

~$ dmesg | grep "Memory"

[    0.000000] Memory: 376860K/523832K available (14348K kernel code, 2578K rwdata, 4252K rodata, 2320K init, 2296K bss, 146972K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)

Is there a way I can enumerate the memory used and reserved by each driver, kernel module, and the kernel itself? Or more broadly, does anyone know exactly why the Azure VM uses more memory?

memory

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asked 1 min ago

jdgregsonjdgregson

1012

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0

I am running two VMs (Ubuntu 18.04), both with 0.5 GiB of memory. One is on AWS and one is on Azure. I found that despite both systems having 512 MiB of memory, the AWS system has 479 MiB of usable memory:

~$ free --mebi

              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available

Mem:            479         131          17           1         330         334

Swap:             0           0           0

and the Azure system only has 392 MiB:

~$ free --mebi

              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available

Mem:            392         289          28           2          74          89

Swap:             0           0           0

The biggest difference I can see between these two systems is that the Azure system reserves far more memory at boot:

AWS:

~$ dmesg | grep "Memory"

[    0.000000] Memory: 467376K/523892K available (12300K kernel code, 2394K rwdata, 3924K rodata, 2376K init, 2376K bss, 56516K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)

Azure:

~$ dmesg | grep "Memory"

[    0.000000] Memory: 376860K/523832K available (14348K kernel code, 2578K rwdata, 4252K rodata, 2320K init, 2296K bss, 146972K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)

Is there a way I can enumerate the memory used and reserved by each driver, kernel module, and the kernel itself? Or more broadly, does anyone know exactly why the Azure VM uses more memory?

memory

share

asked 1 min ago

jdgregsonjdgregson

1012

New contributor

jdgregson is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

add a comment | 

I am running two VMs (Ubuntu 18.04), both with 0.5 GiB of memory. One is on AWS and one is on Azure. I found that despite both systems having 512 MiB of memory, the AWS system has 479 MiB of usable memory:

~$ free --mebi

              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available

Mem:            479         131          17           1         330         334

Swap:             0           0           0

and the Azure system only has 392 MiB:

~$ free --mebi

              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available

Mem:            392         289          28           2          74          89

Swap:             0           0           0

The biggest difference I can see between these two systems is that the Azure system reserves far more memory at boot:

AWS:

~$ dmesg | grep "Memory"

[    0.000000] Memory: 467376K/523892K available (12300K kernel code, 2394K rwdata, 3924K rodata, 2376K init, 2376K bss, 56516K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)

Azure:

~$ dmesg | grep "Memory"

[    0.000000] Memory: 376860K/523832K available (14348K kernel code, 2578K rwdata, 4252K rodata, 2320K init, 2296K bss, 146972K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)

Is there a way I can enumerate the memory used and reserved by each driver, kernel module, and the kernel itself? Or more broadly, does anyone know exactly why the Azure VM uses more memory?

memory

share

asked 1 min ago

jdgregsonjdgregson

1012

New contributor

jdgregson is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

~$ free --mebi

              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available

Mem:            479         131          17           1         330         334

Swap:             0           0           0

~$ free --mebi

              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available

Mem:            392         289          28           2          74          89

Swap:             0           0           0

~$ dmesg | grep "Memory"

[    0.000000] Memory: 467376K/523892K available (12300K kernel code, 2394K rwdata, 3924K rodata, 2376K init, 2376K bss, 56516K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)

~$ dmesg | grep "Memory"

[    0.000000] Memory: 376860K/523832K available (14348K kernel code, 2578K rwdata, 4252K rodata, 2320K init, 2296K bss, 146972K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)

share

asked 1 min ago

jdgregsonjdgregson

1012

New contributor

jdgregson is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

share

asked 1 min ago

jdgregsonjdgregson

1012

New contributor

jdgregson is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

asked 1 min ago

jdgregsonjdgregson

1012

New contributor

jdgregson is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

asked 1 min ago

jdgregsonjdgregson

1012