Is this wall load bearing? Blueprints and photos attached The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer...
Fixing different display colors within string
Can the DM override racial traits?
Would an alien lifeform be able to achieve space travel if lacking in vision?
Deal with toxic manager when you can't quit
US Healthcare consultation for visitors
How to politely respond to generic emails requesting a PhD/job in my lab? Without wasting too much time
Using dividends to reduce short term capital gains?
What was the last x86 CPU that did not have the x87 floating-point unit built in?
Intergalactic human space ship encounters another ship, character gets shunted off beyond known universe, reality starts collapsing
Did the new image of black hole confirm the general theory of relativity?
60's-70's movie: home appliances revolting against the owners
Why don't hard Brexiteers insist on a hard border to prevent illegal immigration after Brexit?
Sub-subscripts in strings cause different spacings than subscripts
How did the crowd guess the pentatonic scale in Bobby McFerrin's presentation?
Circular reasoning in L'Hopital's rule
What do I do when my TA workload is more than expected?
What is the padding with red substance inside of steak packaging?
How to determine omitted units in a publication
Do I have Disadvantage attacking with an off-hand weapon?
Can withdrawing asylum be illegal?
Does Parliament hold absolute power in the UK?
Do warforged have souls?
Why not take a picture of a closer black hole?
Can we generate random numbers using irrational numbers like π and e?
Is this wall load bearing? Blueprints and photos attached
The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are In
Announcing the arrival of Valued Associate #679: Cesar Manara
Planned maintenance scheduled April 17/18, 2019 at 00:00UTC (8:00pm US/Eastern)Is this wall load bearing based on the attached blueprints?Is this wall load bearing?Is this wall load bearing? See photosLoad bearing wall?Removing potentially load bearing wallLoad Bearing wall running parallel to floor joists above?Weight distribution in load bearing wall?How to identify if wood-framed wall is load-bearing?Determine load bearing wallRemoving a load bearing wall
.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty{ margin-bottom:0;
}
I would like to remove the highlighted wall on the second floor of my house in order to create a loft area.
Please help me identify if I'm dealing with a load bearing wall.
walls load
New contributor
add a comment |
I would like to remove the highlighted wall on the second floor of my house in order to create a loft area.
Please help me identify if I'm dealing with a load bearing wall.
walls load
New contributor
add a comment |
I would like to remove the highlighted wall on the second floor of my house in order to create a loft area.
Please help me identify if I'm dealing with a load bearing wall.
walls load
New contributor
I would like to remove the highlighted wall on the second floor of my house in order to create a loft area.
Please help me identify if I'm dealing with a load bearing wall.
walls load
walls load
New contributor
New contributor
edited 11 hours ago
Daniel Caviedes
New contributor
asked 11 hours ago
Daniel CaviedesDaniel Caviedes
263
263
New contributor
New contributor
add a comment |
add a comment |
6 Answers
6
active
oldest
votes
Disclaimer: I'm not a structural engineer, nor should you believe the word of a internet stranger. Contact a local structural engineer to take a look so you don't bring the house down.
A few details point to the wall visible in the photo being load bearing:
There is a beam in the open bit next to the wall. This implies something is worth supporting up there.
The sloped ceiling implies the roof is right above it. Roofs need supporting.
The blueprints mention a column in the corner instead of just letting them but into each other. This is only needed when that column is supporting a load.
The walls around the closet are unlikely to be load bearing.
Finally the blueprints have that wall shaded like they have the outer walls while the other inner walls are blank. Outer walls are nearly always load bearing, while inner walls rarely are.
Thanks so much for your kind response. So you believe that the wall being shaded as the outer walls means it's load bearing? I had also noticed that vertical column in the corner, I was planning on removing the walls but leaving that column untouched.
– Daniel Caviedes
9 hours ago
1
Another beam in line with the existing one would be in order at the very least. (if only for the visual). However I'm not sure you can get enough bearing surface onto that pole to support the second beam. Which would be a question for the engineer.
– ratchet freak
9 hours ago
@DanielCaviedes Definitely that's a load bearing wall. The 'wraparound' section might not be, but the long wall almost certainly is. Think hard about the open concept kitchen. It's a fad and people are already figuring out it's often a bad idea.
– J...
6 hours ago
@J That it's the long wall is another clue. It is usually the case that joists/rafters run across the short side of a room and the longer wall is the side the rest on.
– JimmyJames
4 hours ago
add a comment |
I'd bet it is bearing.
The picture shows a wall with a large opening and a door. I'll assume the plan view is the second floor plan.
In the picture you can see your knotty pine running parallel with the wall. This typically means that they are secured to the rafters and are perpendicular. The rafters are then resting one end on that wall. This is also why you see the beam spanning the opening - to support the rafters.
In the plan view you can see that the most likely position of the ceiling joists to span is from the outside wall to the wall dividing the bedrooms and again from the dividing wall to the wall you propose to remove. You could verify if you have attic access.
I will see if I can get that far though the attic. Thanks for your guidance. I really appreciate it.
– Daniel Caviedes
7 hours ago
add a comment |
You need a layout of the ceiling joists to determined if it is load bearing. However, I would highly lean towards believing that it is a structural support wall. The exposed beam that runs in the span beside it is a good indicator.
Licensed Home Builder
AL HBLB #25782
New contributor
add a comment |
the wall is load bearing joists run at 90 degrees to the ceiling cladding
New contributor
1
Hello, and welcome to Home Improvement. We prefer answers to be more than one sentence long, and with a bit of backing info. Would you add some texture to your answer? Thanks.
– Daniel Griscom
3 hours ago
@DanielGriscom Who is “we”? Btw, quantity is not quality. The answer makes sense to me...
– Lee Sam
7 mins ago
add a comment |
Agreed, there are indicators it's load bearing, be wise and have a structural engineer confirm....
New contributor
add a comment |
I don't know why but Google thought I had the answer. I don't.
New contributor
add a comment |
Your Answer
StackExchange.ready(function() {
var channelOptions = {
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "73"
};
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);
StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
createEditor();
});
}
else {
createEditor();
}
});
function createEditor() {
StackExchange.prepareEditor({
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: false,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: null,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader: {
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
},
noCode: true, onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
});
}
});
Daniel Caviedes is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fdiy.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f161945%2fis-this-wall-load-bearing-blueprints-and-photos-attached%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
6 Answers
6
active
oldest
votes
6 Answers
6
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
Disclaimer: I'm not a structural engineer, nor should you believe the word of a internet stranger. Contact a local structural engineer to take a look so you don't bring the house down.
A few details point to the wall visible in the photo being load bearing:
There is a beam in the open bit next to the wall. This implies something is worth supporting up there.
The sloped ceiling implies the roof is right above it. Roofs need supporting.
The blueprints mention a column in the corner instead of just letting them but into each other. This is only needed when that column is supporting a load.
The walls around the closet are unlikely to be load bearing.
Finally the blueprints have that wall shaded like they have the outer walls while the other inner walls are blank. Outer walls are nearly always load bearing, while inner walls rarely are.
Thanks so much for your kind response. So you believe that the wall being shaded as the outer walls means it's load bearing? I had also noticed that vertical column in the corner, I was planning on removing the walls but leaving that column untouched.
– Daniel Caviedes
9 hours ago
1
Another beam in line with the existing one would be in order at the very least. (if only for the visual). However I'm not sure you can get enough bearing surface onto that pole to support the second beam. Which would be a question for the engineer.
– ratchet freak
9 hours ago
@DanielCaviedes Definitely that's a load bearing wall. The 'wraparound' section might not be, but the long wall almost certainly is. Think hard about the open concept kitchen. It's a fad and people are already figuring out it's often a bad idea.
– J...
6 hours ago
@J That it's the long wall is another clue. It is usually the case that joists/rafters run across the short side of a room and the longer wall is the side the rest on.
– JimmyJames
4 hours ago
add a comment |
Disclaimer: I'm not a structural engineer, nor should you believe the word of a internet stranger. Contact a local structural engineer to take a look so you don't bring the house down.
A few details point to the wall visible in the photo being load bearing:
There is a beam in the open bit next to the wall. This implies something is worth supporting up there.
The sloped ceiling implies the roof is right above it. Roofs need supporting.
The blueprints mention a column in the corner instead of just letting them but into each other. This is only needed when that column is supporting a load.
The walls around the closet are unlikely to be load bearing.
Finally the blueprints have that wall shaded like they have the outer walls while the other inner walls are blank. Outer walls are nearly always load bearing, while inner walls rarely are.
Thanks so much for your kind response. So you believe that the wall being shaded as the outer walls means it's load bearing? I had also noticed that vertical column in the corner, I was planning on removing the walls but leaving that column untouched.
– Daniel Caviedes
9 hours ago
1
Another beam in line with the existing one would be in order at the very least. (if only for the visual). However I'm not sure you can get enough bearing surface onto that pole to support the second beam. Which would be a question for the engineer.
– ratchet freak
9 hours ago
@DanielCaviedes Definitely that's a load bearing wall. The 'wraparound' section might not be, but the long wall almost certainly is. Think hard about the open concept kitchen. It's a fad and people are already figuring out it's often a bad idea.
– J...
6 hours ago
@J That it's the long wall is another clue. It is usually the case that joists/rafters run across the short side of a room and the longer wall is the side the rest on.
– JimmyJames
4 hours ago
add a comment |
Disclaimer: I'm not a structural engineer, nor should you believe the word of a internet stranger. Contact a local structural engineer to take a look so you don't bring the house down.
A few details point to the wall visible in the photo being load bearing:
There is a beam in the open bit next to the wall. This implies something is worth supporting up there.
The sloped ceiling implies the roof is right above it. Roofs need supporting.
The blueprints mention a column in the corner instead of just letting them but into each other. This is only needed when that column is supporting a load.
The walls around the closet are unlikely to be load bearing.
Finally the blueprints have that wall shaded like they have the outer walls while the other inner walls are blank. Outer walls are nearly always load bearing, while inner walls rarely are.
Disclaimer: I'm not a structural engineer, nor should you believe the word of a internet stranger. Contact a local structural engineer to take a look so you don't bring the house down.
A few details point to the wall visible in the photo being load bearing:
There is a beam in the open bit next to the wall. This implies something is worth supporting up there.
The sloped ceiling implies the roof is right above it. Roofs need supporting.
The blueprints mention a column in the corner instead of just letting them but into each other. This is only needed when that column is supporting a load.
The walls around the closet are unlikely to be load bearing.
Finally the blueprints have that wall shaded like they have the outer walls while the other inner walls are blank. Outer walls are nearly always load bearing, while inner walls rarely are.
answered 10 hours ago
ratchet freakratchet freak
4,84611117
4,84611117
Thanks so much for your kind response. So you believe that the wall being shaded as the outer walls means it's load bearing? I had also noticed that vertical column in the corner, I was planning on removing the walls but leaving that column untouched.
– Daniel Caviedes
9 hours ago
1
Another beam in line with the existing one would be in order at the very least. (if only for the visual). However I'm not sure you can get enough bearing surface onto that pole to support the second beam. Which would be a question for the engineer.
– ratchet freak
9 hours ago
@DanielCaviedes Definitely that's a load bearing wall. The 'wraparound' section might not be, but the long wall almost certainly is. Think hard about the open concept kitchen. It's a fad and people are already figuring out it's often a bad idea.
– J...
6 hours ago
@J That it's the long wall is another clue. It is usually the case that joists/rafters run across the short side of a room and the longer wall is the side the rest on.
– JimmyJames
4 hours ago
add a comment |
Thanks so much for your kind response. So you believe that the wall being shaded as the outer walls means it's load bearing? I had also noticed that vertical column in the corner, I was planning on removing the walls but leaving that column untouched.
– Daniel Caviedes
9 hours ago
1
Another beam in line with the existing one would be in order at the very least. (if only for the visual). However I'm not sure you can get enough bearing surface onto that pole to support the second beam. Which would be a question for the engineer.
– ratchet freak
9 hours ago
@DanielCaviedes Definitely that's a load bearing wall. The 'wraparound' section might not be, but the long wall almost certainly is. Think hard about the open concept kitchen. It's a fad and people are already figuring out it's often a bad idea.
– J...
6 hours ago
@J That it's the long wall is another clue. It is usually the case that joists/rafters run across the short side of a room and the longer wall is the side the rest on.
– JimmyJames
4 hours ago
Thanks so much for your kind response. So you believe that the wall being shaded as the outer walls means it's load bearing? I had also noticed that vertical column in the corner, I was planning on removing the walls but leaving that column untouched.
– Daniel Caviedes
9 hours ago
Thanks so much for your kind response. So you believe that the wall being shaded as the outer walls means it's load bearing? I had also noticed that vertical column in the corner, I was planning on removing the walls but leaving that column untouched.
– Daniel Caviedes
9 hours ago
1
1
Another beam in line with the existing one would be in order at the very least. (if only for the visual). However I'm not sure you can get enough bearing surface onto that pole to support the second beam. Which would be a question for the engineer.
– ratchet freak
9 hours ago
Another beam in line with the existing one would be in order at the very least. (if only for the visual). However I'm not sure you can get enough bearing surface onto that pole to support the second beam. Which would be a question for the engineer.
– ratchet freak
9 hours ago
@DanielCaviedes Definitely that's a load bearing wall. The 'wraparound' section might not be, but the long wall almost certainly is. Think hard about the open concept kitchen. It's a fad and people are already figuring out it's often a bad idea.
– J...
6 hours ago
@DanielCaviedes Definitely that's a load bearing wall. The 'wraparound' section might not be, but the long wall almost certainly is. Think hard about the open concept kitchen. It's a fad and people are already figuring out it's often a bad idea.
– J...
6 hours ago
@J That it's the long wall is another clue. It is usually the case that joists/rafters run across the short side of a room and the longer wall is the side the rest on.
– JimmyJames
4 hours ago
@J That it's the long wall is another clue. It is usually the case that joists/rafters run across the short side of a room and the longer wall is the side the rest on.
– JimmyJames
4 hours ago
add a comment |
I'd bet it is bearing.
The picture shows a wall with a large opening and a door. I'll assume the plan view is the second floor plan.
In the picture you can see your knotty pine running parallel with the wall. This typically means that they are secured to the rafters and are perpendicular. The rafters are then resting one end on that wall. This is also why you see the beam spanning the opening - to support the rafters.
In the plan view you can see that the most likely position of the ceiling joists to span is from the outside wall to the wall dividing the bedrooms and again from the dividing wall to the wall you propose to remove. You could verify if you have attic access.
I will see if I can get that far though the attic. Thanks for your guidance. I really appreciate it.
– Daniel Caviedes
7 hours ago
add a comment |
I'd bet it is bearing.
The picture shows a wall with a large opening and a door. I'll assume the plan view is the second floor plan.
In the picture you can see your knotty pine running parallel with the wall. This typically means that they are secured to the rafters and are perpendicular. The rafters are then resting one end on that wall. This is also why you see the beam spanning the opening - to support the rafters.
In the plan view you can see that the most likely position of the ceiling joists to span is from the outside wall to the wall dividing the bedrooms and again from the dividing wall to the wall you propose to remove. You could verify if you have attic access.
I will see if I can get that far though the attic. Thanks for your guidance. I really appreciate it.
– Daniel Caviedes
7 hours ago
add a comment |
I'd bet it is bearing.
The picture shows a wall with a large opening and a door. I'll assume the plan view is the second floor plan.
In the picture you can see your knotty pine running parallel with the wall. This typically means that they are secured to the rafters and are perpendicular. The rafters are then resting one end on that wall. This is also why you see the beam spanning the opening - to support the rafters.
In the plan view you can see that the most likely position of the ceiling joists to span is from the outside wall to the wall dividing the bedrooms and again from the dividing wall to the wall you propose to remove. You could verify if you have attic access.
I'd bet it is bearing.
The picture shows a wall with a large opening and a door. I'll assume the plan view is the second floor plan.
In the picture you can see your knotty pine running parallel with the wall. This typically means that they are secured to the rafters and are perpendicular. The rafters are then resting one end on that wall. This is also why you see the beam spanning the opening - to support the rafters.
In the plan view you can see that the most likely position of the ceiling joists to span is from the outside wall to the wall dividing the bedrooms and again from the dividing wall to the wall you propose to remove. You could verify if you have attic access.
answered 8 hours ago
Fresh CodemongerFresh Codemonger
3317
3317
I will see if I can get that far though the attic. Thanks for your guidance. I really appreciate it.
– Daniel Caviedes
7 hours ago
add a comment |
I will see if I can get that far though the attic. Thanks for your guidance. I really appreciate it.
– Daniel Caviedes
7 hours ago
I will see if I can get that far though the attic. Thanks for your guidance. I really appreciate it.
– Daniel Caviedes
7 hours ago
I will see if I can get that far though the attic. Thanks for your guidance. I really appreciate it.
– Daniel Caviedes
7 hours ago
add a comment |
You need a layout of the ceiling joists to determined if it is load bearing. However, I would highly lean towards believing that it is a structural support wall. The exposed beam that runs in the span beside it is a good indicator.
Licensed Home Builder
AL HBLB #25782
New contributor
add a comment |
You need a layout of the ceiling joists to determined if it is load bearing. However, I would highly lean towards believing that it is a structural support wall. The exposed beam that runs in the span beside it is a good indicator.
Licensed Home Builder
AL HBLB #25782
New contributor
add a comment |
You need a layout of the ceiling joists to determined if it is load bearing. However, I would highly lean towards believing that it is a structural support wall. The exposed beam that runs in the span beside it is a good indicator.
Licensed Home Builder
AL HBLB #25782
New contributor
You need a layout of the ceiling joists to determined if it is load bearing. However, I would highly lean towards believing that it is a structural support wall. The exposed beam that runs in the span beside it is a good indicator.
Licensed Home Builder
AL HBLB #25782
New contributor
New contributor
answered 5 hours ago
William PayneWilliam Payne
111
111
New contributor
New contributor
add a comment |
add a comment |
the wall is load bearing joists run at 90 degrees to the ceiling cladding
New contributor
1
Hello, and welcome to Home Improvement. We prefer answers to be more than one sentence long, and with a bit of backing info. Would you add some texture to your answer? Thanks.
– Daniel Griscom
3 hours ago
@DanielGriscom Who is “we”? Btw, quantity is not quality. The answer makes sense to me...
– Lee Sam
7 mins ago
add a comment |
the wall is load bearing joists run at 90 degrees to the ceiling cladding
New contributor
1
Hello, and welcome to Home Improvement. We prefer answers to be more than one sentence long, and with a bit of backing info. Would you add some texture to your answer? Thanks.
– Daniel Griscom
3 hours ago
@DanielGriscom Who is “we”? Btw, quantity is not quality. The answer makes sense to me...
– Lee Sam
7 mins ago
add a comment |
the wall is load bearing joists run at 90 degrees to the ceiling cladding
New contributor
the wall is load bearing joists run at 90 degrees to the ceiling cladding
New contributor
New contributor
answered 4 hours ago
philip smithphilip smith
1
1
New contributor
New contributor
1
Hello, and welcome to Home Improvement. We prefer answers to be more than one sentence long, and with a bit of backing info. Would you add some texture to your answer? Thanks.
– Daniel Griscom
3 hours ago
@DanielGriscom Who is “we”? Btw, quantity is not quality. The answer makes sense to me...
– Lee Sam
7 mins ago
add a comment |
1
Hello, and welcome to Home Improvement. We prefer answers to be more than one sentence long, and with a bit of backing info. Would you add some texture to your answer? Thanks.
– Daniel Griscom
3 hours ago
@DanielGriscom Who is “we”? Btw, quantity is not quality. The answer makes sense to me...
– Lee Sam
7 mins ago
1
1
Hello, and welcome to Home Improvement. We prefer answers to be more than one sentence long, and with a bit of backing info. Would you add some texture to your answer? Thanks.
– Daniel Griscom
3 hours ago
Hello, and welcome to Home Improvement. We prefer answers to be more than one sentence long, and with a bit of backing info. Would you add some texture to your answer? Thanks.
– Daniel Griscom
3 hours ago
@DanielGriscom Who is “we”? Btw, quantity is not quality. The answer makes sense to me...
– Lee Sam
7 mins ago
@DanielGriscom Who is “we”? Btw, quantity is not quality. The answer makes sense to me...
– Lee Sam
7 mins ago
add a comment |
Agreed, there are indicators it's load bearing, be wise and have a structural engineer confirm....
New contributor
add a comment |
Agreed, there are indicators it's load bearing, be wise and have a structural engineer confirm....
New contributor
add a comment |
Agreed, there are indicators it's load bearing, be wise and have a structural engineer confirm....
New contributor
Agreed, there are indicators it's load bearing, be wise and have a structural engineer confirm....
New contributor
New contributor
answered 26 mins ago
user99448user99448
1
1
New contributor
New contributor
add a comment |
add a comment |
I don't know why but Google thought I had the answer. I don't.
New contributor
add a comment |
I don't know why but Google thought I had the answer. I don't.
New contributor
add a comment |
I don't know why but Google thought I had the answer. I don't.
New contributor
I don't know why but Google thought I had the answer. I don't.
New contributor
New contributor
answered 4 mins ago
Mr WorryMr Worry
1
1
New contributor
New contributor
add a comment |
add a comment |
Daniel Caviedes is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
Daniel Caviedes is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
Daniel Caviedes is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
Daniel Caviedes is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
Thanks for contributing an answer to Home Improvement Stack Exchange!
- Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!
But avoid …
- Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.
- Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.
To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fdiy.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f161945%2fis-this-wall-load-bearing-blueprints-and-photos-attached%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown