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Sous vide chicken without an internal temperature of 165 °F (75 °C)

What temperature should I use for sous-vide chicken breasts?When is Slow Cooking done - time vs temperature of meatCan I sous-vide meat (at a temperature between 40ºF and 140ºF) for more than four hours?Is the rapid ice bath chill post-sous vide actually necessary when putting the meat/fish in the freezer?Is a partially frozen chicken safe if not immediately cooked at the proper temperature?Why are my sous vide salmon fillets coming out raw in the center?How to Sous Vide Chicken Wings?Is it safe to cook large cuts of meat sous vide?Safety: Keeping sous-vide cooked chicken in vacuum

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10

3

I am new to sous vide food. I am cooking a chicken breast. I have read that chicken requires an internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit (75 degrees Celcius). However the recipe only requires a temperature of 150 °F (66 °C).

https://recipes.anovaculinary.com/recipe/chicken-breast

How does this not cause food poisoning?

We checked the internal temperature after an hour and it was only 130 °F (54 °C). Is this safe to eat?

food-safety chicken temperature sous-vide

share|improve this question

edited 22 hours ago

Rodrigo de Azevedo

50144 silver badges1313 bronze badges

asked Aug 19 at 0:01

marshmarsh

22222 silver badges1111 bronze badges

• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  My roommate's electronic induction hot plate only has temperature settings for 140F, 180F, 210F, etc. so I sous vide my chicken breast at 140F for an hour. I leave it on the counter a while so it's room temperature first. (I also rinse it off before cooking.)
  
  – Chloe
  yesterday
  
  
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  @Chloe An induction hot plate doesn't provide the level of temperature control or precision you'd need for sous vide cooking. I'm happy you haven't gotten sick yet, but you should stop doing that, before you get sick.
  
  – Sneftel
  21 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  @Sneftel That's why I cook it for an hour. Doesn't matter the temperature as long as you cook it enough. seriouseats.com/2015/07/… Technically you only have to cook it for 28m. Look at that nice exponential decay curve!
  
  – Chloe
  6 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

10

3

I am new to sous vide food. I am cooking a chicken breast. I have read that chicken requires an internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit (75 degrees Celcius). However the recipe only requires a temperature of 150 °F (66 °C).

https://recipes.anovaculinary.com/recipe/chicken-breast

How does this not cause food poisoning?

We checked the internal temperature after an hour and it was only 130 °F (54 °C). Is this safe to eat?

food-safety chicken temperature sous-vide

share|improve this question

edited 22 hours ago

Rodrigo de Azevedo

50144 silver badges1313 bronze badges

asked Aug 19 at 0:01

marshmarsh

22222 silver badges1111 bronze badges

• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  My roommate's electronic induction hot plate only has temperature settings for 140F, 180F, 210F, etc. so I sous vide my chicken breast at 140F for an hour. I leave it on the counter a while so it's room temperature first. (I also rinse it off before cooking.)
  
  – Chloe
  yesterday
  
  
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  @Chloe An induction hot plate doesn't provide the level of temperature control or precision you'd need for sous vide cooking. I'm happy you haven't gotten sick yet, but you should stop doing that, before you get sick.
  
  – Sneftel
  21 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  @Sneftel That's why I cook it for an hour. Doesn't matter the temperature as long as you cook it enough. seriouseats.com/2015/07/… Technically you only have to cook it for 28m. Look at that nice exponential decay curve!
  
  – Chloe
  6 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

I am new to sous vide food. I am cooking a chicken breast. I have read that chicken requires an internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit (75 degrees Celcius). However the recipe only requires a temperature of 150 °F (66 °C).

https://recipes.anovaculinary.com/recipe/chicken-breast

How does this not cause food poisoning?

We checked the internal temperature after an hour and it was only 130 °F (54 °C). Is this safe to eat?

food-safety chicken temperature sous-vide

share|improve this question

edited 22 hours ago

Rodrigo de Azevedo

50144 silver badges1313 bronze badges

asked Aug 19 at 0:01

marshmarsh

22222 silver badges1111 bronze badges

share|improve this question

edited 22 hours ago

Rodrigo de Azevedo

50144 silver badges1313 bronze badges

asked Aug 19 at 0:01

marshmarsh

22222 silver badges1111 bronze badges

share|improve this question

edited 22 hours ago

Rodrigo de Azevedo

50144 silver badges1313 bronze badges

asked Aug 19 at 0:01

marshmarsh

22222 silver badges1111 bronze badges

edited 22 hours ago

Rodrigo de Azevedo

50144 silver badges1313 bronze badges

edited 22 hours ago

Rodrigo de Azevedo

50144 silver badges1313 bronze badges

asked Aug 19 at 0:01

marshmarsh

22222 silver badges1111 bronze badges

asked Aug 19 at 0:01

marshmarsh

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3 Answers
3

active

oldest

votes

16

The reduction of bacterial growth, and thus food safety, follow a logarithmic pattern that factors in temperature plus time. During sous vide cooking, lower temperature are frequently used for longer times. Employed correctly, this renders food safe. For an excellent explanation see the work of Douglas Baldwin.

share|improve this answer

answered Aug 19 at 1:20

moscafjmoscafj

33.1k11 gold badge5151 silver badges9797 bronze badges

• 
  
  
  

  
  2
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  Specifically in this case Table 4.1 for poultry pasteurization douglasbaldwin.com/sous-vide.html#Table_4.1
  
  – Luciano
  2 days ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  3
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  J Kenji Lopez-Alt's explanation is perhaps somewhat more approachable: seriouseats.com/2015/07/…
  
  – Alex Reinking
  2 days ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  2
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  However, this answer doesn't answer the ultimate question of whether that chicken is safe to eat. If it was only at 130F after an hour, it is not safe to eat. It should be cooked at least another hour until it reaches 150 and sits there for 3 minutes.
  
  – Alex Reinking
  2 days ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  1
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  @AlexReinking while you are correct that after an hour, chicken at 130F is not safe (according to the linked charts), your conclusion is not necessarily required. I realize you are basing your answer on the OP, but just for informational purposes... Firstly, the thickness of the chicken breast has to be taken into account, so it is impossible to judge the time without that information. Also, according to Baldwin, it could be made safe as low as 134.5F, as long as it was held there long enough.
  
  – moscafj
  2 days ago
  
  
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  1
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  @moscafj - Reading your chart, at 134.5F and 5mm thickness, it takes two hours and 15 minutes to be safe and goes up with thickness from there. OP stated that they checked the temperature after one hour of cooking (less than half the time) and it was below that.
  
  – Alex Reinking
  2 days ago
  

  
  
  
  

 | 
show 2 more comments

6

The other answers are correct regarding why that temperature is okay for sous vide, but I just want to clarify why it's not good enough when using other cooking methods.

As moscafj suggested, you need the meat to spend a certain amount of time at any particular temperature to actually kill off enough pathogens, and this is where sous vide acts quite differently from most other cooking methods.

The key difference is that sous vide never exposes any part of the meat to higher temperatures than the target temperature, so you get a lot of time right near that temperature; whereas more traditional methods typically involve exposing the meat to far higher temperatures, so the meat will be shooting right past that minimum safe temperature in a short amount of time. For example, when cooking on the grill, it might be exposed to air that's 450°F or more, so if you measure the meat at 165°F, it might have only been at a safe temperature for a minute or two — which is just enough time to kill those pathogens. (Also note the carryover effect.) If you had pulled it off the grill at 150°F, it would only have just entered the safe region, so few of the pathogens would be killed before you start cooling it again. On the other hand, you can't leave it on the grill for much longer, because it will quickly attain the texture of cardboard. Sous vide will never pass the target temperature, though the texture will degrade if you wait a really long time.

All that being said, sous vide does take a bit longer to get the meat up to the target temperature in the first place — and the colder or thicker your piece of meat when you put it in, the longer it takes. Even if your water temperature reached 150°F a minute after you put the chicken in, the meat itself will be far below that temperature for quite a while. So no, chicken that's at 130°F is still coming to temperature, and you have to cook it for longer because it needs to actually spend time at your target temperature. It may only need around 6 minutes at 150°F, but it needs to get there first.

share|improve this answer

edited 2 days ago

answered 2 days ago

MikeMike

21011 gold badge22 silver badges99 bronze badges

add a comment | 

6

The link says for "soft" chicken you should let it go to 140 °F (60 °C) for 1.5 to 4 hours.

You checked at 1 hour and it was below that (130 °F (54 °C)) ... so you need to cook it some more.

This link gives the same temperature for chicken and explain why the lower temperature is acceptable when cooking for longer time

Good link for the temperature safety thing.

share|improve this answer

edited yesterday

Peter Mortensen

14255 bronze badges

answered Aug 19 at 0:43

MaxMax

11.4k11 gold badge1919 silver badges2727 bronze badges

• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  Where does it explain the lower tempature is ok? I see lower tempatures listed with the same cook times. But I don't understand how cooking at lower then 165 would ever result in an internal tempature higher. I don't see anything explaining why a lower tempature is ok. Just articles saying do it.
  
  – marsh
  Aug 19 at 0:48
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  oops! I edited my post for the proper link.
  
  – Max
  2 days ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  5
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  @marsh 165 isn't "safe" so much as "idiot-proof," in that it almost instantly kills the desired quantity and types of bacteria. The bacteria can also be killed to the same degree at lower temperatures, but it takes significantly longer. That process is called "Pasteurization," which you may recognize from milk—it's exactly the same process that makes your milk safe to drink for so long.
  
  – Kevin
  2 days ago
  
  
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

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16

The reduction of bacterial growth, and thus food safety, follow a logarithmic pattern that factors in temperature plus time. During sous vide cooking, lower temperature are frequently used for longer times. Employed correctly, this renders food safe. For an excellent explanation see the work of Douglas Baldwin.

share|improve this answer

answered Aug 19 at 1:20

moscafjmoscafj

33.1k11 gold badge5151 silver badges9797 bronze badges

• 
  
  
  

  
  2
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  Specifically in this case Table 4.1 for poultry pasteurization douglasbaldwin.com/sous-vide.html#Table_4.1
  
  – Luciano
  2 days ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  3
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  J Kenji Lopez-Alt's explanation is perhaps somewhat more approachable: seriouseats.com/2015/07/…
  
  – Alex Reinking
  2 days ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  2
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  However, this answer doesn't answer the ultimate question of whether that chicken is safe to eat. If it was only at 130F after an hour, it is not safe to eat. It should be cooked at least another hour until it reaches 150 and sits there for 3 minutes.
  
  – Alex Reinking
  2 days ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  1
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  @AlexReinking while you are correct that after an hour, chicken at 130F is not safe (according to the linked charts), your conclusion is not necessarily required. I realize you are basing your answer on the OP, but just for informational purposes... Firstly, the thickness of the chicken breast has to be taken into account, so it is impossible to judge the time without that information. Also, according to Baldwin, it could be made safe as low as 134.5F, as long as it was held there long enough.
  
  – moscafj
  2 days ago
  
  
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  1
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  @moscafj - Reading your chart, at 134.5F and 5mm thickness, it takes two hours and 15 minutes to be safe and goes up with thickness from there. OP stated that they checked the temperature after one hour of cooking (less than half the time) and it was below that.
  
  – Alex Reinking
  2 days ago
  

  
  
  
  

 | 
show 2 more comments

16

The reduction of bacterial growth, and thus food safety, follow a logarithmic pattern that factors in temperature plus time. During sous vide cooking, lower temperature are frequently used for longer times. Employed correctly, this renders food safe. For an excellent explanation see the work of Douglas Baldwin.

share|improve this answer

answered Aug 19 at 1:20

moscafjmoscafj

33.1k11 gold badge5151 silver badges9797 bronze badges

• 
  
  
  

  
  2
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  Specifically in this case Table 4.1 for poultry pasteurization douglasbaldwin.com/sous-vide.html#Table_4.1
  
  – Luciano
  2 days ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  3
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  J Kenji Lopez-Alt's explanation is perhaps somewhat more approachable: seriouseats.com/2015/07/…
  
  – Alex Reinking
  2 days ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  2
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  However, this answer doesn't answer the ultimate question of whether that chicken is safe to eat. If it was only at 130F after an hour, it is not safe to eat. It should be cooked at least another hour until it reaches 150 and sits there for 3 minutes.
  
  – Alex Reinking
  2 days ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  1
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  @AlexReinking while you are correct that after an hour, chicken at 130F is not safe (according to the linked charts), your conclusion is not necessarily required. I realize you are basing your answer on the OP, but just for informational purposes... Firstly, the thickness of the chicken breast has to be taken into account, so it is impossible to judge the time without that information. Also, according to Baldwin, it could be made safe as low as 134.5F, as long as it was held there long enough.
  
  – moscafj
  2 days ago
  
  
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  1
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  @moscafj - Reading your chart, at 134.5F and 5mm thickness, it takes two hours and 15 minutes to be safe and goes up with thickness from there. OP stated that they checked the temperature after one hour of cooking (less than half the time) and it was below that.
  
  – Alex Reinking
  2 days ago
  

  
  
  
  

 | 
show 2 more comments

The reduction of bacterial growth, and thus food safety, follow a logarithmic pattern that factors in temperature plus time. During sous vide cooking, lower temperature are frequently used for longer times. Employed correctly, this renders food safe. For an excellent explanation see the work of Douglas Baldwin.

share|improve this answer

answered Aug 19 at 1:20

moscafjmoscafj

33.1k11 gold badge5151 silver badges9797 bronze badges

share|improve this answer

answered Aug 19 at 1:20

moscafjmoscafj

33.1k11 gold badge5151 silver badges9797 bronze badges

answered Aug 19 at 1:20

moscafjmoscafj

33.1k11 gold badge5151 silver badges9797 bronze badges

answered Aug 19 at 1:20

moscafjmoscafj

33.1k11 gold badge5151 silver badges9797 bronze badges

6

The other answers are correct regarding why that temperature is okay for sous vide, but I just want to clarify why it's not good enough when using other cooking methods.

As moscafj suggested, you need the meat to spend a certain amount of time at any particular temperature to actually kill off enough pathogens, and this is where sous vide acts quite differently from most other cooking methods.

The key difference is that sous vide never exposes any part of the meat to higher temperatures than the target temperature, so you get a lot of time right near that temperature; whereas more traditional methods typically involve exposing the meat to far higher temperatures, so the meat will be shooting right past that minimum safe temperature in a short amount of time. For example, when cooking on the grill, it might be exposed to air that's 450°F or more, so if you measure the meat at 165°F, it might have only been at a safe temperature for a minute or two — which is just enough time to kill those pathogens. (Also note the carryover effect.) If you had pulled it off the grill at 150°F, it would only have just entered the safe region, so few of the pathogens would be killed before you start cooling it again. On the other hand, you can't leave it on the grill for much longer, because it will quickly attain the texture of cardboard. Sous vide will never pass the target temperature, though the texture will degrade if you wait a really long time.

All that being said, sous vide does take a bit longer to get the meat up to the target temperature in the first place — and the colder or thicker your piece of meat when you put it in, the longer it takes. Even if your water temperature reached 150°F a minute after you put the chicken in, the meat itself will be far below that temperature for quite a while. So no, chicken that's at 130°F is still coming to temperature, and you have to cook it for longer because it needs to actually spend time at your target temperature. It may only need around 6 minutes at 150°F, but it needs to get there first.

share|improve this answer

edited 2 days ago

answered 2 days ago

MikeMike

21011 gold badge22 silver badges99 bronze badges

add a comment | 

6

The other answers are correct regarding why that temperature is okay for sous vide, but I just want to clarify why it's not good enough when using other cooking methods.

As moscafj suggested, you need the meat to spend a certain amount of time at any particular temperature to actually kill off enough pathogens, and this is where sous vide acts quite differently from most other cooking methods.

The key difference is that sous vide never exposes any part of the meat to higher temperatures than the target temperature, so you get a lot of time right near that temperature; whereas more traditional methods typically involve exposing the meat to far higher temperatures, so the meat will be shooting right past that minimum safe temperature in a short amount of time. For example, when cooking on the grill, it might be exposed to air that's 450°F or more, so if you measure the meat at 165°F, it might have only been at a safe temperature for a minute or two — which is just enough time to kill those pathogens. (Also note the carryover effect.) If you had pulled it off the grill at 150°F, it would only have just entered the safe region, so few of the pathogens would be killed before you start cooling it again. On the other hand, you can't leave it on the grill for much longer, because it will quickly attain the texture of cardboard. Sous vide will never pass the target temperature, though the texture will degrade if you wait a really long time.

All that being said, sous vide does take a bit longer to get the meat up to the target temperature in the first place — and the colder or thicker your piece of meat when you put it in, the longer it takes. Even if your water temperature reached 150°F a minute after you put the chicken in, the meat itself will be far below that temperature for quite a while. So no, chicken that's at 130°F is still coming to temperature, and you have to cook it for longer because it needs to actually spend time at your target temperature. It may only need around 6 minutes at 150°F, but it needs to get there first.

share|improve this answer

edited 2 days ago

answered 2 days ago

MikeMike

21011 gold badge22 silver badges99 bronze badges

add a comment | 

The other answers are correct regarding why that temperature is okay for sous vide, but I just want to clarify why it's not good enough when using other cooking methods.

As moscafj suggested, you need the meat to spend a certain amount of time at any particular temperature to actually kill off enough pathogens, and this is where sous vide acts quite differently from most other cooking methods.

The key difference is that sous vide never exposes any part of the meat to higher temperatures than the target temperature, so you get a lot of time right near that temperature; whereas more traditional methods typically involve exposing the meat to far higher temperatures, so the meat will be shooting right past that minimum safe temperature in a short amount of time. For example, when cooking on the grill, it might be exposed to air that's 450°F or more, so if you measure the meat at 165°F, it might have only been at a safe temperature for a minute or two — which is just enough time to kill those pathogens. (Also note the carryover effect.) If you had pulled it off the grill at 150°F, it would only have just entered the safe region, so few of the pathogens would be killed before you start cooling it again. On the other hand, you can't leave it on the grill for much longer, because it will quickly attain the texture of cardboard. Sous vide will never pass the target temperature, though the texture will degrade if you wait a really long time.

All that being said, sous vide does take a bit longer to get the meat up to the target temperature in the first place — and the colder or thicker your piece of meat when you put it in, the longer it takes. Even if your water temperature reached 150°F a minute after you put the chicken in, the meat itself will be far below that temperature for quite a while. So no, chicken that's at 130°F is still coming to temperature, and you have to cook it for longer because it needs to actually spend time at your target temperature. It may only need around 6 minutes at 150°F, but it needs to get there first.

share|improve this answer

edited 2 days ago

answered 2 days ago

MikeMike

21011 gold badge22 silver badges99 bronze badges

share|improve this answer

edited 2 days ago

answered 2 days ago

MikeMike

21011 gold badge22 silver badges99 bronze badges

answered 2 days ago

MikeMike

21011 gold badge22 silver badges99 bronze badges

answered 2 days ago

MikeMike

21011 gold badge22 silver badges99 bronze badges

6

The link says for "soft" chicken you should let it go to 140 °F (60 °C) for 1.5 to 4 hours.

You checked at 1 hour and it was below that (130 °F (54 °C)) ... so you need to cook it some more.

This link gives the same temperature for chicken and explain why the lower temperature is acceptable when cooking for longer time

Good link for the temperature safety thing.

share|improve this answer

edited yesterday

Peter Mortensen

14255 bronze badges

answered Aug 19 at 0:43

MaxMax

11.4k11 gold badge1919 silver badges2727 bronze badges

• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  Where does it explain the lower tempature is ok? I see lower tempatures listed with the same cook times. But I don't understand how cooking at lower then 165 would ever result in an internal tempature higher. I don't see anything explaining why a lower tempature is ok. Just articles saying do it.
  
  – marsh
  Aug 19 at 0:48
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  oops! I edited my post for the proper link.
  
  – Max
  2 days ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  5
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  @marsh 165 isn't "safe" so much as "idiot-proof," in that it almost instantly kills the desired quantity and types of bacteria. The bacteria can also be killed to the same degree at lower temperatures, but it takes significantly longer. That process is called "Pasteurization," which you may recognize from milk—it's exactly the same process that makes your milk safe to drink for so long.
  
  – Kevin
  2 days ago
  
  
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

6

The link says for "soft" chicken you should let it go to 140 °F (60 °C) for 1.5 to 4 hours.

You checked at 1 hour and it was below that (130 °F (54 °C)) ... so you need to cook it some more.

This link gives the same temperature for chicken and explain why the lower temperature is acceptable when cooking for longer time

Good link for the temperature safety thing.

share|improve this answer

edited yesterday

Peter Mortensen

14255 bronze badges

answered Aug 19 at 0:43

MaxMax

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  Where does it explain the lower tempature is ok? I see lower tempatures listed with the same cook times. But I don't understand how cooking at lower then 165 would ever result in an internal tempature higher. I don't see anything explaining why a lower tempature is ok. Just articles saying do it.
  
  – marsh
  Aug 19 at 0:48
  

  
  
  
  


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  oops! I edited my post for the proper link.
  
  – Max
  2 days ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  5
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  @marsh 165 isn't "safe" so much as "idiot-proof," in that it almost instantly kills the desired quantity and types of bacteria. The bacteria can also be killed to the same degree at lower temperatures, but it takes significantly longer. That process is called "Pasteurization," which you may recognize from milk—it's exactly the same process that makes your milk safe to drink for so long.
  
  – Kevin
  2 days ago
  
  
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

The link says for "soft" chicken you should let it go to 140 °F (60 °C) for 1.5 to 4 hours.

You checked at 1 hour and it was below that (130 °F (54 °C)) ... so you need to cook it some more.

This link gives the same temperature for chicken and explain why the lower temperature is acceptable when cooking for longer time

Good link for the temperature safety thing.

share|improve this answer

edited yesterday

Peter Mortensen

14255 bronze badges

answered Aug 19 at 0:43

MaxMax

11.4k11 gold badge1919 silver badges2727 bronze badges

share|improve this answer

edited yesterday

Peter Mortensen

14255 bronze badges

answered Aug 19 at 0:43

MaxMax

11.4k11 gold badge1919 silver badges2727 bronze badges

edited yesterday

Peter Mortensen

14255 bronze badges

edited yesterday

Peter Mortensen

14255 bronze badges

answered Aug 19 at 0:43

MaxMax

11.4k11 gold badge1919 silver badges2727 bronze badges

answered Aug 19 at 0:43

MaxMax

11.4k11 gold badge1919 silver badges2727 bronze badges